Alcoholism Supported by Empirical Evidence - 4517 Words

Alcoholism: Supported by Empirical Research Ellie Smith Vanderbilt University Abstract Globally, alcohol abuse disorders have become a problem for seventy-six million people (Orford, Natera, Copello, Atkinson, 2005). Addiction is a disease, not merely a social disorder. The disease not only affects the inflicted individuals, but can also be detrimental to family members and the greater community. Causes of addiction can be grouped into three categories: psychological traits, the family, and cultural beliefs. In order to remedy this problem, researchers have suggested psychosocial treatment, participation in Alcoholics Anonymous including abstinence from the drug completely, and having drug abuse education to†¦show more content†¦Extent of Problem Alcoholism has become a widespread concern in our society, with one third of Americans becoming dependent on the drug at some point in their lifetime (Read, 2010). According to a 2010 survey of Americans aged twelve or older, over 51.8 percent reported being current drinkers of alcohol, an estimated 131.3 million people (U.S. Department of Health and human Services (HHS), 2010). Nearly one quarter of persons aged twelve or older participated in binge drinking at least once in the thirty days prior to the 2010 survey, translating to nearly 58.6 million people. In 2010, heavy drinking was reported by 6.7 percent of the population aged twelve or older, equaling roughly 16.9 million people. Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions indicate that four percent of the population at a given time is dependent on alcohol; however, most never seek treatment (Read, 2010) (Hasin, Stinson, Ogburn, Grant, 2007). In 2009, two million people over the age of twelve received treatment for an alcohol related problem. Of those who reached out for assistance, only twenty-five percent remained abstinent for the first year following treatment completion (Hasin et al., 2007). Effects Use of alcohol causes a reduction in self-control,Show MoreRelatedMedical Journal Article: Addictions as Real Physical Disease1838 Words   |  7 Pagesis no real empirical evidence that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain, psychiatrists infer that this particular imbalance exists based on their perception of how antidepressant medications work and from animal models of depression (Szasz, 2008). In fact, the notion that mental disorders can be traced to a disruption of bodily chemicals (or fluids) can be traced back to the Greeks and has been a long-held belief in medicine. Several lines of evidence are oftenRead MoreFamily History And The Aetiology Of Alcohol Dependency Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthe family system (Bowen, 1974). It aids us to understand the intergenerational nature of alcohol dependence beyond genetic factors and how the dysfunctional system manifests in adolescence (Sher et. al. 2005). Unfortunately, there is very little empirical research into these environmental causes and there is very little focus on the individual factors that begin these cycles (Copello, 2005). Family systems theory does not explain what in fact causes the individual to become alcohol dependent, in theRead MoreScientific Theories Are Objectively Justified2001 Words   |  9 PagesScientific theories are objectively justified (Couvalis, 1997) and scientists are seen as being able to gather and interpret evidence that can be concluded as scientifically proven (Ladyman, 2002). In the majority of areas in modern society, including justice, health and safety, scientific evidence is heavily relied upon (Ladyman, 2002). However, there are certain principles that are required for a theory to be scientific. For example, it must be justified by observation permeated by theories (CouvalisRead MoreAlcohol, Cognition, and Impusivity1561 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant deficit in response inhibition. This deficit is enhanced when alcoholics try to suppress their response to stimuli that are alcohol-related (Noel et al., 2007). Similarly, in 2010, Noel, Tomberg, Verbanck, and Campanella reviewed the evidence that alcohol disturbs two substantial cognitive operations crucial to providing flexibility in a changing environment. These two cognitive operations involved the individual’s capability to inhibit a powerful response and to detect an error (NoelRead MoreModels of Memory2270 Words   |  10 Pagesshort-term store and a long-term store; all three have a specific and relatively inflexible function. It stressed that information for our environment such as the visual or auditory and haptic (by touch) initially goes into the sensory memory or empirical register. However, it has very limited capacity, and its duration is very brief, so if we do not notice this much we would forget it, but if we pay attention to it or think about it, the information would be encoded into a preferred acoustic mannerRead MoreThe Impact of Alcohol Sponsorship of Sporting Events on Consumption of Alcohol Amongst High Sch ool Students: a Research Proposal2213 Words   |  9 Pagesmales than females or vice versa and how the effects differ depending on age and social demographics. It is important to determine whether alcohol sponsorship of sporting events is contributing to the development of alcohol related problems and alcoholism in order to assess whether further restrictions need to be put in place. Literature Review There is much conjecture surrounding the issue of alcohol companies sponsoring sporting teams and events. Many groups believe that a ban similar to thatRead MoreHomeless Population in America Essay2680 Words   |  11 Pagesrates in the range of 20–40 percent (Hwang, 2001). Policies such as Medicaid and Housing for Urban Development (HUD) which are Federal and state governments that have acknowledged personal disabilities such as physical disability, mental illness or alcoholism as influences responsible for homelessness and as a result provided emergency shelters, housing subsidies and mental health interventions. The National Alliance to End Homelessness implemented in 2007 believes that homelessness is a problem withRead MoreCognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders Essay2877 Words   |  12 Pagesviewed as a scientific approach towards the understanding and improvement of human condition. Due to the advancement in the understanding of CBT, many different types of models have come into place (Rakovshik McManus, 2010; Shafran et al, 2009) . As evidence based practice, it has become very popular and is at a rise due to its ability for causality in elicits situations and experiences. Despite some great success, not only dealing with addiction but has also proven effectiveness with psychoanalyticRead MoreFirst Nations Of The Twenty First Century1900 Words   |  8 Pagesstill in place today and conditions have not improved. O’Sullivan (2006) as cited by Frideres conducted a study on the health and well-being of First Nations on reserve communities vs. non-Aboriginal com munities living close by. Her results (also supported by other studies) indicated that a gap does exist and will continue to exist through 2041. Resources on reserves continue to be an issue, lack of clean drinking water and adequate sanitary facilities are problems faced by 80 per cent of First NationsRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 Pagesunderstand the pleasure side of the activity. C. emphasize character weakness. D. attend an AA meeting. ANS:B PG10 8. According to the text, alcoholism is described in this book as an illness because: A. the concept recognizes alcoholism as both a medical and social problem B. the use of disease as a term is victim blaming C. to avoid the notion of alcoholism as a brain disease D. to increase the popularity of the book. ANS:A PG11 9.. As stated in the text, addiction is an illness of the: A. body

Essay on Affirmative Action in College Admissions

Affirmative Action in College Admissions Affirmative Action has become one of the most controversial issues regarding college admissions. It is an issue that exposes profiling to its highest extent. Race, gender and income now become vital factors in education opportunities. Affirmative Action is the procedure that is used as a criteria in admissions that will increase the points a college applicant receives on their application evaluation based on the previous factors. Whether race should be considered in the admission of a college applicant, is without a doubt a must in all states. Affirmative Action definitely will improve the opportunities of a minority student applying at a university but it will not be the deciding factor. When†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, these children cannot complete their education because they have to travel with their family and learn to manage at a young age a life of hard labor. This however does not diminish their dreams of completing high school and some day attending a university so that they will not have to live the life of struggle their parents did to sustain the household. In cities like Detroit, MI there is a large population of low income Hispanic and African American families. The public school system unfortunately cannot potentially promote a high-quality education. The majority of these students do not receive an entrance level education simply because of living standards. Income plays an important role in education opportunities regarding the quality education each student can pertain. Since the minorities in that area are low-income they cannot afford to attend a private high school that can better prepare them for college. According to a research done at the University of Texas-Pan American, â€Å"certain racial or ethnicity factors should play a role in the admissions decision.† (Marklein) Perez 3 Affirmative action will also assist the university in reaching their desired diversity quota. In June, the Supreme Court ruled that universities can consider race as one of the mainShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action For College Admissions990 Words   |  4 Pages Affirmative action in college admissions continues to be heatedly debated. In 2003, the Supreme Court had ruled in Grutter v. Bollinger that diversity was a compelling interest for colleges to use race in admissions. In the amicus brief that the American Sociological Association et al. provided to the Supreme Court, sociological evidence was presented to elucidate the value of affirmative action. Yet in 2006, Proposal 2 was passed in Michigan to ban affirmative action in public education (Levitsky)Read MoreCollege Admissions Vs. Affirmative Action1536 Words   |  7 PagesCollege Admissions Race â€Å"Congratulations! You have been granted admissions to one of the most prestigious universities in the world and have been chosen from among hundreds of thousands of applicants to attend our university.† These are the sentences that every high school senior dreams of seeing, however, it has become a more difficult task as the college admissions process has become increasingly competitive. Complicating the admissions situation is the fact that most elite universities give extraRead MoreAffirmative Action: Prejudice in the College Admissions Process941 Words   |  4 Pagesin the college admissions process in the case of Fisher v. University of Texas. Since then, affirmative action has become a big issue in the media; however, many people still do not even know what affirmative action is. Affirmative action is a policy to prevent discrimination on the basis of â€Å"color, religion, sex, or national origin.† Overall, it favors minorities that are often discriminated. It might sound like an excellent policy; however, the use of this policy in the college admissions processRead More Affirmative Action and College Admissions: A Legal and Ethical Analysis3627 Words   |  15 PagesAffirmative Action and College Admissions: A Legal and Ethical Analysis I. Introduction The institution of public education has been one of the most controversial establishments in the United States since its inception. More specifically, equality in the conditions and the opportunities it provides has been sought as one of its major goals. There is little doubt that minority ethnic groups have struggled to achieve educational equality, just as they have struggled for equality in otherRead MoreEssay Affirmative Action Must Play a Role in College Admissions2893 Words   |  12 PagesAnxiously awaiting its contents, the high school senior stares at his mailbox. He has been awaiting a response for months from his dream college. He has endured the endless questions from friends and family, Did you hear from that college yet? He has spent many a night he should have been sleeping lying in bed wondering whether he would be heading to his dream school in the fall. He has read numerous books and has done serious research on just what it took to get where he wanted to be. H e continuesRead MoreLegal Writing1315 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action College Admissions 2 Abstract Affirmative action has been a strong subject of discussion and debate for more than 30 years. Its use in college admissions has even been heard and ruled by the U.S. Supreme Court. Affirmative action is in essence, a policy or procedure developed by numerous institutions of higher learning to attempt to diversify their student bodies racially and by ethnicity. Looking closer at this procedure will display the advantages and disadvantages ofRead MoreAffirmative Action and Higher Education Admissions Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Known as one of the biggest obstacles in higher education to date would arguably be the use of affirmative action within the higher education admission process for both private and public institutions (Kaplin Lee, 2014; Wang Shulruf, 2012). The focus of current research is an attempt to either justify or deny the use of affirmative action within current practices through various higher education institutions, and though any one person could potentially be swayed to side withRead MoreThe Precedency: Supporting the Affrimative Action Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action is a government policy that gives opportunities to minorities, women, and any group who has been the victim of discrimination in the past. Affirmative action is the outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights movement, growing out of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or gender. It was the 1978 Supreme Court decision, The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which allowed for the use of race-based preferences as a means ofRead MoreAffirmative Action Programs Should Be Legal1576 Words   |  7 PagesKennedy issued Executive Order 10925, introducing the phrase â€Å"affirmative action.† A few years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, which prohibited discrimination based on race, color and religion. Although there were no specific policies that require colleges and universities to use affirmative action programs, they voluntarily gave advantages to minorities and women in the admission process. Affirmative action programs were first challenged in Regents of the UniversityRead MoreAffirmative Action Is Important For The Future Of The Diversified Generations Of America Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative Action In Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream Speech, he states â€Å"I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character† for this reason affirmative action in higher education admission should alter for it creates a perpetual racial preference in admission. Affirmative action is controversial due its issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. It questions the constitutionality

The Transitions of Women’s Role in the Society Free Essays

From the beginning of time, females have been considered the inferior sex. They have been given titles such as, â€Å"fragile, delicate, weak†¦ † beings when in fact women have proved that they are certainly equal as men, if not stronger. Child labor is one physical aspect of their strengths that women endure while others constitute taking over the duties of their male counterparts while they fought in the major wars for the country. We will write a custom essay sample on The Transitions of Women’s Role in the Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Yet history hardly gave women credit for their accomplishments in the 19th and early 20th century. When history did give the female sex a voice, it consisted of their participation in the traditional roles cast upon them as wives and then mothers. Outside of this realm, women†s activities were considered unusual or accidental. This was certainly the case with Latin America, a complex, diverse, stratified region composed of many different nations. It seems appropriate at this time to undertake a search of the history of Mexico in order to probe the little known mysteries of the women†s actual role in society. My search will revolve around the regime of Porfirio Diaz, commonly known as the Porfiriato. Women of every class and background were involved in many diverse undertakings during that period. Vivian Vallens in her book, Working Women in Mexico during the Porfiriato depicted this picture well. She discussed the upper and middle class women briefly so that a rounded view of women†s activities can be understood. Her book concentrated around the theme of Mexican women working in the textile and cigar-making factories from 1880 – 1910. She stressed how their traditional roles went through a great transition in response to the rise of industrialism and the labor policies of the Diaz regime. Prior the Industrial Revolution, women played a direct role in the economy and in the development of society. Most of the population lived on large estates or haciendas on which all production took place for each family. Women worked alongside men in the fields or in home enterprises; in addition to their economic contribution, women also undertook the task of bearing and raising a large family. With the Industrial Revolution came many changes in economics, politics, society, and in the role of women. The production of many necessities shifted out of the home and into the factories. Many families moved to urban areas to better their economic status and to become a part of the new society. The government practiced laissez faire (no regulation of the business sector) which allowed the factory owners to abuse their workers to reap great profits. The working class was most affected by the Industrial Revolution. Upper and middle class women found themselves with considerable time on their hands since the new economy assumed the production of many household items. While the upper-class women busied themselves with their looks and entertainment, the middle-class women developed the idea of motherhood as a full-time occupation. These women retreated from their previous roles and public life by totally centering their lives around their husband and children. This change set a pattern of the ideal activities for women being centered around the home and family. Gradually, however, some upper and middle class women found this rather narrow concept of their roles too rigid and restrictive, and they became involved in many activities in order to open educational and occupational opportunities for women. It was the Diaz government and the positivist view that allowed the women to educate themselves and grow both mentally and socially. As Vallens described it, The positivist concepts about education ‘had a profound effect on Mexican women†¦ of the middle sectors,†¦ Juarez and his associates offered women an education and a chance to work outside the home. † They looked to the women of the middle sectors as potential teachers. Yucatan, for example, became one of the first states to make secondary education available to women. As teachers, the Mexican women served not only as agents of literacy, but also as instigators of change and advocates of new ideas. The positivists had originally instituted education to bring conformity; nevertheless, educated women seemed to bring exactly the opposite. The number of women attending both primary and secondary schools steadily increased. Schools for women were established in the Federal District as well as in leading provincial cities. Women began to enter the teaching profession in ever increasing numbers. â€Å"By 1895, 51. 3% of all the teachers were women and by 1910 this figure had raised to 64. 4%. † A select number of women went on to get higher education and became professionals such as lawyers and doctors. Vallens indicated that such women included Maria Asuncion Sandoval de Zarco and Matilda Montoya. They not only tested their traditional role but also pioneered a path for others to follow. The lower-class women of Mexico faced an entirely different type of change in their pattern of living. The lower class women moved to the urban surroundings to better their economic status with their families. Forced to work in the factories to support their families, these women enlarged their circle of association and this helped them become aware of the communality of the problems faced by working women. This shift had a tremendous impact because the urban life had the effect of broadening their scope and developing their militancy. Working class women began to thrust aside their earlier attitudes of passive submission and became involved in group activities and organizations. Vallens portrays their struggle in the textile and cigar-making factories. Their docile attitude in the beginning allowed the factory owners to take advantage of them and abuse their condition terribly. The owners hired women so they can reap more profits by paying them less than men. For example, the Cocolapam textile factory in 1893 employed 90 men, 240 women, and 15 children. Wages varied by factory, by sex, and by age. Conditions under which they worked were horrible and unsanitary. Even more women worked in the cigar-making factories, thus subject to higher percentage of abuse. The Mexican women cigar-makers worked fourteen to fifteen hours per day with each woman searched for factory products before she went home. They too worked in unhygienic atmosphere with low roofs and no ventilation. Originally, upon first arriving from the rural areas, they accepted any salary or condition of work set by the factory owners of both industries without any protest. With time, however, Vallens indicates that their traditional outlook was slowly discarded after the women were exposed to economic self-dependence and the â€Å"spirit of growing militancy among their fellow factory workers. â€Å"(38) They realized that they could challenge and protest many of the owner†s actions. Their concept of their proper role changed and they responded to their pressures by organizing, protesting, and striking. A number of socialists and anarchists helped give leadership to these early organizations. Their political philosophy stressed, among other points, the need for inclusion of women in all levels of activity. For example, Santiago Villanueva – an anarchist – stressed the theme of women†s rights and responsibilities both in Mexican society and within the labor movement. This encouragement allowed women to actively participate in meetings of the labor movement. As a result, women like Carmen Huerta became prominent labor leaders and were elected president of the Congress of workers. Vallens† book was interesting and easy to follow. She clearly stated her point and used hard evidence from her sources to prove that point. Her use of statistics made her point all the more believable and very realistic. What was shocking to me was that she was able to retrieve such statistics and stories of women†s leadership when history gave them a silent voice. Women, of that era, in fact saw the need for organization and so they played a role in such a development as a result of their tragic experiences. Many leaders rose to the occasion and served as an inspiration; they laid the groundwork for working women†s acceptance into more active and public roles. They learned their lesson well – that only through collective action could change be made. Such leadership and action cannot be considered accidental or inconsequential as societies of the past have labeled women heroes. Vallens, through her clear-cut style of writing, showed the reader that women in Mexico did not have a quite voice as history has written. They possessed a loud voice and when they realized they did, they used it! Vallens† theme of the changing role of women and their growing level of consciousness can be best described by Josefina Reyes in La Mujer en el hogar y en la sociedad, Happily we belong to a generation that has the good fortune to conceive the sublime idea of the emancipation of woman, one of the greatest steps that humanity has taken along the broad path of progress. We are now no longer in the error of believing that woman was made only for the home†¦ and†¦ family. How to cite The Transitions of Women’s Role in the Society, Papers

Change Geographic Displacement Of Land Use -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Change Geographic Displacement Of Land Use? Answer: Introducation The report analyses the renowned healthcare and medicine company Eu Yan Sang, originated in China and specialised in the traditional Chinese Medicine. The company is currently running more than 300 retail branches in China, Malaysia, Australia and Singapore. The report analyses the profile of the company in detail and market atmosphere in Indonesia. It also discusses the market entry procedure that the firm may follow to enter the market of Indonesia (McDougall?Covin, Jones Serapio, 2014). Brief profile: Eu Yan Sang has been operating in prominent Asian countries since 1879. The firm has been recognised as one of the largest groups that trade on the traditional Chinese medicine. It is the leading, most reliable and integrated health care and wellness organization that combines modern technologies with traditional methods of medicine manufacturing. The company follows various methods to produce and retail their natural health and wellness products. Their products offer such medicinal values that are completely different from the other medicine manufacturers in Asia. This firm aims to keep the Chinese medicine pertinent as a section of mainstream healthcare as well as modern lifestyle. Their products are chiefly made of various herbs and parts of plants only found in the south east Asian countries therefore, their offerings have been made available to the Chinese medicine clinics as well as concept life style shops in various countries. Reasons for venturing in Indonesia: The raw materials for medicines that Eu Yan Sang produces can also be found in Indonesia which is the neighbour country of Malaysia as well as Singapore. Therefore, entry in the market of Indonesia will be easier for this company. The country has huge population and have a good lifestyle with sustainable economy (Meyfroidt et al., 2013). The political system of Indonesia is democratic therefore quite stable for operation of the company despite the fact that the country has been struggling for getting financial stability, the government has introduced many reforms to support the foreign investors to grow their business in one hand and assist for economic growth of the country. Indonesia is a developing country and as mentioned before, the government has taken various measures to increase its GDP which resulted in a significant growth in last five years. According to the study, the economy of Indonesian has experienced an incessant trade surplus over last decade, principally because of its expanding exports sector (Pantelic, Milovanov Zehetner, 2014). This country is intensively involved in the foreign trades with the partners worldwide. To grow their business, investment as well as strategic decisions the company needs the timely and useful information. The market in Indonesia fulfils all core needs by including multinational material suppliers, manufacturers, investors, distributors and inexpensive labours to operate successfully in this market. The economic situation of the country predicts that its market will have more foreign investments, merging and acquisition. The constantly increasing aging population of Indonesia has created a range of scopes to the pharmaceutical industry. In addition to this, the problem of increasing obesity and health complications with health risk among the population can create opportunity for Eu Yan Sang. The products that the company has expertise in needs greater resources, especially skilled labours and greater access to technology. These are all available in Indonesia (Chetty, Ojala Leppaho, 2015). The country has many regulatory as well as legislative restrictions for pharmaceutical industry. The evolution and extension of internet has stretched the legislative boundaries for the new entries introducing the rights of the patients in the health care sector. The stakeholders in the market has become aware of the proactive functions of the business therefore it will be supportive of the marking plan an operation for Eu Yan Sang in Indonesia. Market entry strategy: Eu Yan Sang is a south Asian country and has completed more than decades in doing business in the neighbouring countries of Indonesia. The people are quite aware of the brand name as well as fame associated with them (Panwar et al., 2017). The company only needs to know the Indonesian context for launching their products, existing competitors, standards, local sales channels along with applications. For making entry in Indonesia, Eu Yan Sang can opt for joint venture. Thus they will have an easy access to the new markets as well as distribution markets. The company will be able to share costs along with risks with its partners (Laufs Schwens, 2014). Joint venture strategy will be beneficial for the company to access the customer database of the partners to market their products. This strategy will increase the flexibility of the firm. Currently it has only two factories in China and Malaysia. It can build new factory in Indonesia also. References: Chetty, S., Ojala, A., Leppaho, T. (2015). Effectuation and foreign market entry of entrepreneurial firms.European Journal of Marketing,49(9/10), 1436-1459. Laufs, K., Schwens, C. (2014). Foreign market entry mode choice of small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review and future research agenda.International Business Review,23(6), 1109-1126. McDougall?Covin, P., Jones, M. V., Serapio, M. G. (2014). High?potential concepts, phenomena, and theories for the advancement of international entrepreneurship research.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), 1-10. Meyfroidt, P., Lambin, E. F., Erb, K. H., Hertel, T. W. (2013). Globalization of land use: distant drivers of land change and geographic displacement of land use.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,5(5), 438-444. Pantelic, D., Milovanov, O., Zehetner, A. (2014). Building Competitiveness Through Globalization: the Impact of Consumption Convergence.Strategic Management,19(4), 58-66. Panwar, R., Nybakk, E., Hansen, E., Pinkse, J. (2017). Does the business case matter? The effect of a perceived business case on small firms social engagement.Journal of Business Ethics,144(3), 597-608.