Alcoholism Supported by Empirical Evidence - 4517 Words

Alcoholism: Supported by Empirical Research Ellie Smith Vanderbilt University Abstract Globally, alcohol abuse disorders have become a problem for seventy-six million people (Orford, Natera, Copello, Atkinson, 2005). Addiction is a disease, not merely a social disorder. The disease not only affects the inflicted individuals, but can also be detrimental to family members and the greater community. Causes of addiction can be grouped into three categories: psychological traits, the family, and cultural beliefs. In order to remedy this problem, researchers have suggested psychosocial treatment, participation in Alcoholics Anonymous including abstinence from the drug completely, and having drug abuse education to†¦show more content†¦Extent of Problem Alcoholism has become a widespread concern in our society, with one third of Americans becoming dependent on the drug at some point in their lifetime (Read, 2010). According to a 2010 survey of Americans aged twelve or older, over 51.8 percent reported being current drinkers of alcohol, an estimated 131.3 million people (U.S. Department of Health and human Services (HHS), 2010). Nearly one quarter of persons aged twelve or older participated in binge drinking at least once in the thirty days prior to the 2010 survey, translating to nearly 58.6 million people. In 2010, heavy drinking was reported by 6.7 percent of the population aged twelve or older, equaling roughly 16.9 million people. Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions indicate that four percent of the population at a given time is dependent on alcohol; however, most never seek treatment (Read, 2010) (Hasin, Stinson, Ogburn, Grant, 2007). In 2009, two million people over the age of twelve received treatment for an alcohol related problem. Of those who reached out for assistance, only twenty-five percent remained abstinent for the first year following treatment completion (Hasin et al., 2007). Effects Use of alcohol causes a reduction in self-control,Show MoreRelatedMedical Journal Article: Addictions as Real Physical Disease1838 Words   |  7 Pagesis no real empirical evidence that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain, psychiatrists infer that this particular imbalance exists based on their perception of how antidepressant medications work and from animal models of depression (Szasz, 2008). In fact, the notion that mental disorders can be traced to a disruption of bodily chemicals (or fluids) can be traced back to the Greeks and has been a long-held belief in medicine. Several lines of evidence are oftenRead MoreFamily History And The Aetiology Of Alcohol Dependency Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthe family system (Bowen, 1974). It aids us to understand the intergenerational nature of alcohol dependence beyond genetic factors and how the dysfunctional system manifests in adolescence (Sher et. al. 2005). Unfortunately, there is very little empirical research into these environmental causes and there is very little focus on the individual factors that begin these cycles (Copello, 2005). Family systems theory does not explain what in fact causes the individual to become alcohol dependent, in theRead MoreScientific Theories Are Objectively Justified2001 Words   |  9 PagesScientific theories are objectively justified (Couvalis, 1997) and scientists are seen as being able to gather and interpret evidence that can be concluded as scientifically proven (Ladyman, 2002). In the majority of areas in modern society, including justice, health and safety, scientific evidence is heavily relied upon (Ladyman, 2002). However, there are certain principles that are required for a theory to be scientific. For example, it must be justified by observation permeated by theories (CouvalisRead MoreAlcohol, Cognition, and Impusivity1561 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant deficit in response inhibition. This deficit is enhanced when alcoholics try to suppress their response to stimuli that are alcohol-related (Noel et al., 2007). Similarly, in 2010, Noel, Tomberg, Verbanck, and Campanella reviewed the evidence that alcohol disturbs two substantial cognitive operations crucial to providing flexibility in a changing environment. These two cognitive operations involved the individual’s capability to inhibit a powerful response and to detect an error (NoelRead MoreModels of Memory2270 Words   |  10 Pagesshort-term store and a long-term store; all three have a specific and relatively inflexible function. It stressed that information for our environment such as the visual or auditory and haptic (by touch) initially goes into the sensory memory or empirical register. However, it has very limited capacity, and its duration is very brief, so if we do not notice this much we would forget it, but if we pay attention to it or think about it, the information would be encoded into a preferred acoustic mannerRead MoreThe Impact of Alcohol Sponsorship of Sporting Events on Consumption of Alcohol Amongst High Sch ool Students: a Research Proposal2213 Words   |  9 Pagesmales than females or vice versa and how the effects differ depending on age and social demographics. It is important to determine whether alcohol sponsorship of sporting events is contributing to the development of alcohol related problems and alcoholism in order to assess whether further restrictions need to be put in place. Literature Review There is much conjecture surrounding the issue of alcohol companies sponsoring sporting teams and events. Many groups believe that a ban similar to thatRead MoreHomeless Population in America Essay2680 Words   |  11 Pagesrates in the range of 20–40 percent (Hwang, 2001). Policies such as Medicaid and Housing for Urban Development (HUD) which are Federal and state governments that have acknowledged personal disabilities such as physical disability, mental illness or alcoholism as influences responsible for homelessness and as a result provided emergency shelters, housing subsidies and mental health interventions. The National Alliance to End Homelessness implemented in 2007 believes that homelessness is a problem withRead MoreCognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders Essay2877 Words   |  12 Pagesviewed as a scientific approach towards the understanding and improvement of human condition. Due to the advancement in the understanding of CBT, many different types of models have come into place (Rakovshik McManus, 2010; Shafran et al, 2009) . As evidence based practice, it has become very popular and is at a rise due to its ability for causality in elicits situations and experiences. Despite some great success, not only dealing with addiction but has also proven effectiveness with psychoanalyticRead MoreFirst Nations Of The Twenty First Century1900 Words   |  8 Pagesstill in place today and conditions have not improved. O’Sullivan (2006) as cited by Frideres conducted a study on the health and well-being of First Nations on reserve communities vs. non-Aboriginal com munities living close by. Her results (also supported by other studies) indicated that a gap does exist and will continue to exist through 2041. Resources on reserves continue to be an issue, lack of clean drinking water and adequate sanitary facilities are problems faced by 80 per cent of First NationsRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 Pagesunderstand the pleasure side of the activity. C. emphasize character weakness. D. attend an AA meeting. ANS:B PG10 8. According to the text, alcoholism is described in this book as an illness because: A. the concept recognizes alcoholism as both a medical and social problem B. the use of disease as a term is victim blaming C. to avoid the notion of alcoholism as a brain disease D. to increase the popularity of the book. ANS:A PG11 9.. As stated in the text, addiction is an illness of the: A. body

Essay on Affirmative Action in College Admissions

Affirmative Action in College Admissions Affirmative Action has become one of the most controversial issues regarding college admissions. It is an issue that exposes profiling to its highest extent. Race, gender and income now become vital factors in education opportunities. Affirmative Action is the procedure that is used as a criteria in admissions that will increase the points a college applicant receives on their application evaluation based on the previous factors. Whether race should be considered in the admission of a college applicant, is without a doubt a must in all states. Affirmative Action definitely will improve the opportunities of a minority student applying at a university but it will not be the deciding factor. When†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, these children cannot complete their education because they have to travel with their family and learn to manage at a young age a life of hard labor. This however does not diminish their dreams of completing high school and some day attending a university so that they will not have to live the life of struggle their parents did to sustain the household. In cities like Detroit, MI there is a large population of low income Hispanic and African American families. The public school system unfortunately cannot potentially promote a high-quality education. The majority of these students do not receive an entrance level education simply because of living standards. Income plays an important role in education opportunities regarding the quality education each student can pertain. Since the minorities in that area are low-income they cannot afford to attend a private high school that can better prepare them for college. According to a research done at the University of Texas-Pan American, â€Å"certain racial or ethnicity factors should play a role in the admissions decision.† (Marklein) Perez 3 Affirmative action will also assist the university in reaching their desired diversity quota. In June, the Supreme Court ruled that universities can consider race as one of the mainShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action For College Admissions990 Words   |  4 Pages Affirmative action in college admissions continues to be heatedly debated. In 2003, the Supreme Court had ruled in Grutter v. Bollinger that diversity was a compelling interest for colleges to use race in admissions. In the amicus brief that the American Sociological Association et al. provided to the Supreme Court, sociological evidence was presented to elucidate the value of affirmative action. Yet in 2006, Proposal 2 was passed in Michigan to ban affirmative action in public education (Levitsky)Read MoreCollege Admissions Vs. Affirmative Action1536 Words   |  7 PagesCollege Admissions Race â€Å"Congratulations! You have been granted admissions to one of the most prestigious universities in the world and have been chosen from among hundreds of thousands of applicants to attend our university.† These are the sentences that every high school senior dreams of seeing, however, it has become a more difficult task as the college admissions process has become increasingly competitive. Complicating the admissions situation is the fact that most elite universities give extraRead MoreAffirmative Action: Prejudice in the College Admissions Process941 Words   |  4 Pagesin the college admissions process in the case of Fisher v. University of Texas. Since then, affirmative action has become a big issue in the media; however, many people still do not even know what affirmative action is. Affirmative action is a policy to prevent discrimination on the basis of â€Å"color, religion, sex, or national origin.† Overall, it favors minorities that are often discriminated. It might sound like an excellent policy; however, the use of this policy in the college admissions processRead More Affirmative Action and College Admissions: A Legal and Ethical Analysis3627 Words   |  15 PagesAffirmative Action and College Admissions: A Legal and Ethical Analysis I. Introduction The institution of public education has been one of the most controversial establishments in the United States since its inception. More specifically, equality in the conditions and the opportunities it provides has been sought as one of its major goals. There is little doubt that minority ethnic groups have struggled to achieve educational equality, just as they have struggled for equality in otherRead MoreEssay Affirmative Action Must Play a Role in College Admissions2893 Words   |  12 PagesAnxiously awaiting its contents, the high school senior stares at his mailbox. He has been awaiting a response for months from his dream college. He has endured the endless questions from friends and family, Did you hear from that college yet? He has spent many a night he should have been sleeping lying in bed wondering whether he would be heading to his dream school in the fall. He has read numerous books and has done serious research on just what it took to get where he wanted to be. H e continuesRead MoreLegal Writing1315 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action College Admissions 2 Abstract Affirmative action has been a strong subject of discussion and debate for more than 30 years. Its use in college admissions has even been heard and ruled by the U.S. Supreme Court. Affirmative action is in essence, a policy or procedure developed by numerous institutions of higher learning to attempt to diversify their student bodies racially and by ethnicity. Looking closer at this procedure will display the advantages and disadvantages ofRead MoreAffirmative Action and Higher Education Admissions Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Known as one of the biggest obstacles in higher education to date would arguably be the use of affirmative action within the higher education admission process for both private and public institutions (Kaplin Lee, 2014; Wang Shulruf, 2012). The focus of current research is an attempt to either justify or deny the use of affirmative action within current practices through various higher education institutions, and though any one person could potentially be swayed to side withRead MoreThe Precedency: Supporting the Affrimative Action Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action is a government policy that gives opportunities to minorities, women, and any group who has been the victim of discrimination in the past. Affirmative action is the outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights movement, growing out of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or gender. It was the 1978 Supreme Court decision, The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which allowed for the use of race-based preferences as a means ofRead MoreAffirmative Action Programs Should Be Legal1576 Words   |  7 PagesKennedy issued Executive Order 10925, introducing the phrase â€Å"affirmative action.† A few years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, which prohibited discrimination based on race, color and religion. Although there were no specific policies that require colleges and universities to use affirmative action programs, they voluntarily gave advantages to minorities and women in the admission process. Affirmative action programs were first challenged in Regents of the UniversityRead MoreAffirmative Action Is Important For The Future Of The Diversified Generations Of America Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative Action In Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream Speech, he states â€Å"I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character† for this reason affirmative action in higher education admission should alter for it creates a perpetual racial preference in admission. Affirmative action is controversial due its issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. It questions the constitutionality

The Transitions of Women’s Role in the Society Free Essays

From the beginning of time, females have been considered the inferior sex. They have been given titles such as, â€Å"fragile, delicate, weak†¦ † beings when in fact women have proved that they are certainly equal as men, if not stronger. Child labor is one physical aspect of their strengths that women endure while others constitute taking over the duties of their male counterparts while they fought in the major wars for the country. We will write a custom essay sample on The Transitions of Women’s Role in the Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Yet history hardly gave women credit for their accomplishments in the 19th and early 20th century. When history did give the female sex a voice, it consisted of their participation in the traditional roles cast upon them as wives and then mothers. Outside of this realm, women†s activities were considered unusual or accidental. This was certainly the case with Latin America, a complex, diverse, stratified region composed of many different nations. It seems appropriate at this time to undertake a search of the history of Mexico in order to probe the little known mysteries of the women†s actual role in society. My search will revolve around the regime of Porfirio Diaz, commonly known as the Porfiriato. Women of every class and background were involved in many diverse undertakings during that period. Vivian Vallens in her book, Working Women in Mexico during the Porfiriato depicted this picture well. She discussed the upper and middle class women briefly so that a rounded view of women†s activities can be understood. Her book concentrated around the theme of Mexican women working in the textile and cigar-making factories from 1880 – 1910. She stressed how their traditional roles went through a great transition in response to the rise of industrialism and the labor policies of the Diaz regime. Prior the Industrial Revolution, women played a direct role in the economy and in the development of society. Most of the population lived on large estates or haciendas on which all production took place for each family. Women worked alongside men in the fields or in home enterprises; in addition to their economic contribution, women also undertook the task of bearing and raising a large family. With the Industrial Revolution came many changes in economics, politics, society, and in the role of women. The production of many necessities shifted out of the home and into the factories. Many families moved to urban areas to better their economic status and to become a part of the new society. The government practiced laissez faire (no regulation of the business sector) which allowed the factory owners to abuse their workers to reap great profits. The working class was most affected by the Industrial Revolution. Upper and middle class women found themselves with considerable time on their hands since the new economy assumed the production of many household items. While the upper-class women busied themselves with their looks and entertainment, the middle-class women developed the idea of motherhood as a full-time occupation. These women retreated from their previous roles and public life by totally centering their lives around their husband and children. This change set a pattern of the ideal activities for women being centered around the home and family. Gradually, however, some upper and middle class women found this rather narrow concept of their roles too rigid and restrictive, and they became involved in many activities in order to open educational and occupational opportunities for women. It was the Diaz government and the positivist view that allowed the women to educate themselves and grow both mentally and socially. As Vallens described it, The positivist concepts about education ‘had a profound effect on Mexican women†¦ of the middle sectors,†¦ Juarez and his associates offered women an education and a chance to work outside the home. † They looked to the women of the middle sectors as potential teachers. Yucatan, for example, became one of the first states to make secondary education available to women. As teachers, the Mexican women served not only as agents of literacy, but also as instigators of change and advocates of new ideas. The positivists had originally instituted education to bring conformity; nevertheless, educated women seemed to bring exactly the opposite. The number of women attending both primary and secondary schools steadily increased. Schools for women were established in the Federal District as well as in leading provincial cities. Women began to enter the teaching profession in ever increasing numbers. â€Å"By 1895, 51. 3% of all the teachers were women and by 1910 this figure had raised to 64. 4%. † A select number of women went on to get higher education and became professionals such as lawyers and doctors. Vallens indicated that such women included Maria Asuncion Sandoval de Zarco and Matilda Montoya. They not only tested their traditional role but also pioneered a path for others to follow. The lower-class women of Mexico faced an entirely different type of change in their pattern of living. The lower class women moved to the urban surroundings to better their economic status with their families. Forced to work in the factories to support their families, these women enlarged their circle of association and this helped them become aware of the communality of the problems faced by working women. This shift had a tremendous impact because the urban life had the effect of broadening their scope and developing their militancy. Working class women began to thrust aside their earlier attitudes of passive submission and became involved in group activities and organizations. Vallens portrays their struggle in the textile and cigar-making factories. Their docile attitude in the beginning allowed the factory owners to take advantage of them and abuse their condition terribly. The owners hired women so they can reap more profits by paying them less than men. For example, the Cocolapam textile factory in 1893 employed 90 men, 240 women, and 15 children. Wages varied by factory, by sex, and by age. Conditions under which they worked were horrible and unsanitary. Even more women worked in the cigar-making factories, thus subject to higher percentage of abuse. The Mexican women cigar-makers worked fourteen to fifteen hours per day with each woman searched for factory products before she went home. They too worked in unhygienic atmosphere with low roofs and no ventilation. Originally, upon first arriving from the rural areas, they accepted any salary or condition of work set by the factory owners of both industries without any protest. With time, however, Vallens indicates that their traditional outlook was slowly discarded after the women were exposed to economic self-dependence and the â€Å"spirit of growing militancy among their fellow factory workers. â€Å"(38) They realized that they could challenge and protest many of the owner†s actions. Their concept of their proper role changed and they responded to their pressures by organizing, protesting, and striking. A number of socialists and anarchists helped give leadership to these early organizations. Their political philosophy stressed, among other points, the need for inclusion of women in all levels of activity. For example, Santiago Villanueva – an anarchist – stressed the theme of women†s rights and responsibilities both in Mexican society and within the labor movement. This encouragement allowed women to actively participate in meetings of the labor movement. As a result, women like Carmen Huerta became prominent labor leaders and were elected president of the Congress of workers. Vallens† book was interesting and easy to follow. She clearly stated her point and used hard evidence from her sources to prove that point. Her use of statistics made her point all the more believable and very realistic. What was shocking to me was that she was able to retrieve such statistics and stories of women†s leadership when history gave them a silent voice. Women, of that era, in fact saw the need for organization and so they played a role in such a development as a result of their tragic experiences. Many leaders rose to the occasion and served as an inspiration; they laid the groundwork for working women†s acceptance into more active and public roles. They learned their lesson well – that only through collective action could change be made. Such leadership and action cannot be considered accidental or inconsequential as societies of the past have labeled women heroes. Vallens, through her clear-cut style of writing, showed the reader that women in Mexico did not have a quite voice as history has written. They possessed a loud voice and when they realized they did, they used it! Vallens† theme of the changing role of women and their growing level of consciousness can be best described by Josefina Reyes in La Mujer en el hogar y en la sociedad, Happily we belong to a generation that has the good fortune to conceive the sublime idea of the emancipation of woman, one of the greatest steps that humanity has taken along the broad path of progress. We are now no longer in the error of believing that woman was made only for the home†¦ and†¦ family. How to cite The Transitions of Women’s Role in the Society, Papers

Change Geographic Displacement Of Land Use -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Change Geographic Displacement Of Land Use? Answer: Introducation The report analyses the renowned healthcare and medicine company Eu Yan Sang, originated in China and specialised in the traditional Chinese Medicine. The company is currently running more than 300 retail branches in China, Malaysia, Australia and Singapore. The report analyses the profile of the company in detail and market atmosphere in Indonesia. It also discusses the market entry procedure that the firm may follow to enter the market of Indonesia (McDougall?Covin, Jones Serapio, 2014). Brief profile: Eu Yan Sang has been operating in prominent Asian countries since 1879. The firm has been recognised as one of the largest groups that trade on the traditional Chinese medicine. It is the leading, most reliable and integrated health care and wellness organization that combines modern technologies with traditional methods of medicine manufacturing. The company follows various methods to produce and retail their natural health and wellness products. Their products offer such medicinal values that are completely different from the other medicine manufacturers in Asia. This firm aims to keep the Chinese medicine pertinent as a section of mainstream healthcare as well as modern lifestyle. Their products are chiefly made of various herbs and parts of plants only found in the south east Asian countries therefore, their offerings have been made available to the Chinese medicine clinics as well as concept life style shops in various countries. Reasons for venturing in Indonesia: The raw materials for medicines that Eu Yan Sang produces can also be found in Indonesia which is the neighbour country of Malaysia as well as Singapore. Therefore, entry in the market of Indonesia will be easier for this company. The country has huge population and have a good lifestyle with sustainable economy (Meyfroidt et al., 2013). The political system of Indonesia is democratic therefore quite stable for operation of the company despite the fact that the country has been struggling for getting financial stability, the government has introduced many reforms to support the foreign investors to grow their business in one hand and assist for economic growth of the country. Indonesia is a developing country and as mentioned before, the government has taken various measures to increase its GDP which resulted in a significant growth in last five years. According to the study, the economy of Indonesian has experienced an incessant trade surplus over last decade, principally because of its expanding exports sector (Pantelic, Milovanov Zehetner, 2014). This country is intensively involved in the foreign trades with the partners worldwide. To grow their business, investment as well as strategic decisions the company needs the timely and useful information. The market in Indonesia fulfils all core needs by including multinational material suppliers, manufacturers, investors, distributors and inexpensive labours to operate successfully in this market. The economic situation of the country predicts that its market will have more foreign investments, merging and acquisition. The constantly increasing aging population of Indonesia has created a range of scopes to the pharmaceutical industry. In addition to this, the problem of increasing obesity and health complications with health risk among the population can create opportunity for Eu Yan Sang. The products that the company has expertise in needs greater resources, especially skilled labours and greater access to technology. These are all available in Indonesia (Chetty, Ojala Leppaho, 2015). The country has many regulatory as well as legislative restrictions for pharmaceutical industry. The evolution and extension of internet has stretched the legislative boundaries for the new entries introducing the rights of the patients in the health care sector. The stakeholders in the market has become aware of the proactive functions of the business therefore it will be supportive of the marking plan an operation for Eu Yan Sang in Indonesia. Market entry strategy: Eu Yan Sang is a south Asian country and has completed more than decades in doing business in the neighbouring countries of Indonesia. The people are quite aware of the brand name as well as fame associated with them (Panwar et al., 2017). The company only needs to know the Indonesian context for launching their products, existing competitors, standards, local sales channels along with applications. For making entry in Indonesia, Eu Yan Sang can opt for joint venture. Thus they will have an easy access to the new markets as well as distribution markets. The company will be able to share costs along with risks with its partners (Laufs Schwens, 2014). Joint venture strategy will be beneficial for the company to access the customer database of the partners to market their products. This strategy will increase the flexibility of the firm. Currently it has only two factories in China and Malaysia. It can build new factory in Indonesia also. References: Chetty, S., Ojala, A., Leppaho, T. (2015). Effectuation and foreign market entry of entrepreneurial firms.European Journal of Marketing,49(9/10), 1436-1459. Laufs, K., Schwens, C. (2014). Foreign market entry mode choice of small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review and future research agenda.International Business Review,23(6), 1109-1126. McDougall?Covin, P., Jones, M. V., Serapio, M. G. (2014). High?potential concepts, phenomena, and theories for the advancement of international entrepreneurship research.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), 1-10. Meyfroidt, P., Lambin, E. F., Erb, K. H., Hertel, T. W. (2013). Globalization of land use: distant drivers of land change and geographic displacement of land use.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,5(5), 438-444. Pantelic, D., Milovanov, O., Zehetner, A. (2014). Building Competitiveness Through Globalization: the Impact of Consumption Convergence.Strategic Management,19(4), 58-66. Panwar, R., Nybakk, E., Hansen, E., Pinkse, J. (2017). Does the business case matter? The effect of a perceived business case on small firms social engagement.Journal of Business Ethics,144(3), 597-608.

TCP/IP Security Essays - Computer Network Security, Cyberwarfare

TCP/IP Security The TCP/IP protocols, the basis for today's Internet, lack even the most basic mechanisms for security, such as authentication or encryption. As usage of the Internet and TCP/IP protocols increases, their lack of built-in security has become more and more problematic. This paper describes a variety of basic flaws in TCP/IP protocols and their implementations, and discusses solutions and work-arounds to these problems. Also covered is the new IPv6, the next-generation Internet protocol that, among other goals, seeks to fix many of the current flaws in the current Internet IPv4 protocol. Security in protocols and applications not essential to TCP/IP (such as HTTP, FTP, and SMTP) are not discussed in this paper. Introduction In the early 1980's, specifications were finished for the TCP and IP protocols. These two protocols could be considered the most important in the world today - they are the basis of the Internet. Over the past decade, the Internet has grown from a small network connecting a small community of researchers to its present state - a gigantic global network connecting people of all types. The huge success of the Internet has, for the most part, been quite beneficial. The Internet has evolved from a specialized project to a general-purpose tool. However, the growth of the Internet has created problems with security. The TCP and IP protocols were designed when the Internet was small, and users generally trusted each other. The protocols lack many features that are desirable or needed on an insecure network. In this paper, we present a number of problems that arise with using TCP/IP on today's network, solutions or work-arounds for these problems, and how the protocols for tomorrow's Interne t, such as IPv6, will help eliminate these problems. 1. Introduction to TCP/IP TCP/IP is the backbone of the internet today. Comprised of two protocols, TCP and IP, the TCP/IP protocol suite is one of the most widely used. We present a brief introduction to the two protocols. For a detailed discussion of the two protocols we refer the reader to the RFC's for IP [RFC 791], and TCP [RFC 793]. 1.1. Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol (or IP as it generally known), is the network layer of the Internet. IP provides a connection-less service. The job of IP is to route and send a packet to the packet's destination. IP provides no guarantee whatsoever, for the packets it tries to deliver. The IP packets are usually termed datagrams. The datagrams go through a series of routers before they reach the destination. At each node that the datagram passes through, the node determines the next hop for the datagram and routes it to the next hop. Since the network is dynamic, it is possible that two datagrams from the same source take different paths to make it to the destination. Since the network has variable delays, it is not guaranteed that the datagrams will be received in sequence. IP only tries for a best-effort delivery. It does not take care of lost packets; this is left to the higher layer protocols. There is no state maintained between two datagrams; in other words, IP is connection-less. Versio n IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragmentation Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options Padding Figure 1. IP Header The IP Header is shown in Figure 1. The Version is currently set to 4. In order to distinguish it from the new version IPv6, IP is also referred to as IPv4. The source address and the destination address are 4-byte Internet addresses. The Options field contains various options such as source based routing, and record route. The source based routing allows the sender to specify the path the datagram should take to reach the destination. Record route allows the sender to record the route the datagram is taking. None of the IP fields are encrypted and there no authentication. It would be extremely easy to set an arbitrary destination address (or the source address), and IP would send the datagram. The destination has no way of ascertaining the fact that the datagram actually originated from an IP address other than the one in the source address field. It is easy to see why any authentication scheme based on IP-addresses would fail. 1.2. Transmission Control

My name is Khan Essay Essay Example

My name is Khan Essay Essay Example My name is Khan Essay Paper My name is Khan Essay Paper My name is Khan is an Indian movie that revolved around the life of Rizwan Khan. a Muslim who suffered Asperger’s Syndrome. Because of his job in covering with new topographic points. people. loud colourss and crisp sounds. he was given particular attention by his female parent and private tutoring by a bookman which led to jealousy on portion of his brother. Khan was taught by his female parent that there were merely two sorts of people in this world- the good and the bad. After her female parent died. Rizwan moved to San Francisco and lived with his brother and sister-in-law. He was so employed by his brother as a gross revenues adult male for Mehnaz Herbal Beauty Products. While working. he met and fell in love with Mandira. a divorced Hindu hairstylist who has a 6- twelvemonth old boy called Sam. After Khan showed a topographic point that hasn’t been seen before by Mandira. they married and settle down in Banville even against the will of his brother. It was considered blasphemy. harmonizing to Rizwan’s brother. to get married a Hindu. Mandira and Sam took Rizwan’s family name. Everything seemed to be perfect for the household when the 9/11 onslaught happened in New York City and shattered the lives of the Khans. The Khan household. every bit good as the other Muslims. began to see favoritism. torments and hate offenses from the American community. Mandira had to shut her occupation ; Rizvan’s sister-in-law was attacked for she was have oning a scarf ; Sam experienced intimidation and his best friend turned off from him. He got into a battle with few school childs for they were faulting him as a terrorist and was beaten to decease. Mandira blamed Rizwan’s family name for Sam’s tragic decease. She banished him and told him non to return until he tells the U. S president that even though he is a Muslim. he is non a terrorist. Rizwan so started a long and alone journey across America to state the President of the USA: â€Å"My name is Khan and I am non a terrorist. † Along his journey. he met Mama Jenny and her boy Joel. helped them when a hurricane hit the topographic point they lived. was arrested by the constabulary after been mistaken as a terrorist in a crowd and was stabbed by one of the followings of a adult male he reported in the authorization after catching his violent rhetoric. Amidst the obstructions he underwent. he was able to run into the president. and told him â€Å"My name is Khan and I am non a terrorist† . The movie concluded with Mandira and Rizwan traveling place. Conventionally. existent adult male should be tough and should non demo emotions. But seeing the movie My Name is Khan. my bosom of rock trembled and I caught myself watery-eyed. I was greatly impressed of Rizvan’s particular ability to mend mechanical things peculiarly when the immature Rizwan made an alternate pump to drive the H2O out from his teacher’s house and how he can mend about everything. I was inspired by how Rizwan get the better of his restriction as an autistic adult male in order to travel on across the different provinces of America merely to run into the president of the USA. I was saddened by how favoritism can rupture a household apart ; how it can convey harm to the oppressed party particularly when favoritism is to be blamed for a decease of a loved one. No affair what. Rizwan’s life brought felicity to us and proved that every cloud will ever hold its Ag liner. Faithfulness is the 1 of the values I have learned in this film. Rizvan’s strong religion to Allah neer waived amidst the bias against Muslim by the American community. â€Å"Prayer should neer depend upon the topographic point or the people. It should depend upon your belief† . said Rizvan. Second is respectfulness non merely to the people. but besides to one’s ain faith. Mandira and Rizvan respect one another’s faith. They gave each other infinite to execute their ain beliefs. Third is selflesness. Rizvan rushed to Georgia in the center of hurricane to assist Mama Jenny who one time sheltered him. His act of kindness moved the universe and brought voluntaries to Georgia to help the victims of the hurricane. Fourth is humbleness. Rizvan neer failed to stay low. When he was ill- treated in the airdrome. he did non kick. When he was released from being detained. he did non contemn the people who imprisoned him. When Mandira asked him to go forth. he did non inquiry. Alternatively he merely asked when he can return. Last. Rizvan taught me the kernel of love. It wasn’t choler or hatred that helped Rizvan win in his journey. it was his love for his household and of Allah. It was besides love that helped Rizvan and Mandira moved on after the decease of Sam. After watching the movie. I can state that media took a large function in cultivating the heads of the people to look Muslims as a violent people and Islam as a violent faith utilizing the issues refering them like the 9/11 onslaught. One statement from the media can greatly impact the perceptual experience of the people towards the issue. We tend to concentrate on the negative sides of the Muslim and know apart them. What we don’t know is the brighter side of them. their irrevokable love for Allah and cardinal patterns that does non recommend force and advance peace. Then what about the Muslim terrorists and their actions? For me. they did inhumane Acts of the Apostless non for their faith but for their ain selfish motivations. non sacredly but politically. But what happened was that media took incrimination on their faith and their instructions. I can’t fault the media wholly since this pattern of blaming is even pattern by our society and households. It became traditional that altering it will be hard and will take a longer clip. For illustration. person commit a offense. Our society will non fault you wholly but besides your household. your background. and your faith. Furthermore. My Name is Khan taught us that differences in faiths can non impede two individuals in love to hold a successful matrimony and peaceable life. We may hold different names for our God. but all of them have one in common- they all symbolize love.

Death Across Time and Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Death Across Time and Cultures - Essay Example Thus, although death is regard as a typical figure or outcome for all human beings, the conceptualization of death events and cultural practices vary significantly (AÌŠhreÃŒ n, P. 154). Among different cultures such as the Chinese, Egyptian and religious cultures, death is seen as a conceived condition that involves sleep, illness or attaining a certain age of life. In contrast, among the European cultures such as the Greeks, death is seen as a total cessation of life. Cultures that views death as a transition between life and death such as the African cultures and Buddhism cultures according to Anna Indych from the ‘’Death Across Time and Cultures’’ video episode sees death as a transition from one to other form of human beings. Similarly, among the Buddhist religious culture, death is seen as a continuous interaction between the living people and the death (AÌŠhreÃŒ n, P. 152). On a broad front, as Hindu cultures’ views death as circular patterns of multiple rebirth and deaths, the Christian religious culture views death as a final end of humanly life that involves no human activities after death. In addition, different conceptions of death as described by Stanley in the view episode in relation to the art of living and grieving, significantly influence the peoples’ way of life and lifestyles. Therefore, different perception of death outcomes for different cultures and people affects their degree in which they fear death, the readiness to die as well as the nature of expression of mourning, grieving and the nature of funeral rituals conducted (AÌŠhreÃŒ n, P.

Proposal Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Proposal Design - Essay Example You may give, for those outside of your particular range of ability, an official rundown written in non-specialized dialect. Either you may incorporate a glossary of terms that clarifies specialized dialect use in the group of the proposition and append addendums that explain specialized data in by and large comprehended dialect. A statistical hypothesis is a logical hypothesis that is testable on the premise of observing a process that is being displayed through a situated of irregular variables. A factual theory test is a strategy for accurate deduction utilized for testing a reasonable speculation. A hypothesis contrasts with research question; it is more particular and makes an expectation. It is a conditional proclamation two or more variables are being related to each other. The significant distinction between an examination inquiry and a speculation is that a research predicts an exploratory result. A test outcome is called statistically significant on the off chance that it has been anticipated as unrealistic to have happened through sampling error only, as indicated by edge likelihood the criticalness level. Speculation tests are being utilized as a part of figuring out what results of a study would prompt a dismissal of the null theory for a pre-specified level of centrality. In the Neyman-Pearson structure (see beneath), the procedure of recognizing the invalid theory and the alternative hypothesis is helped by distinguishing two calculated sorts of blunders (sort 1 & sort 2). And by indicating parametric points of confinement on e.g. the amount of kind one lap will be allowed (Lai & Calandra, 2007). An option structure for factual theory testing is to indicate a situated of measurable models, one for every applicant speculation, and afterward utilize design choice procedures to pick the most suitable model. The most widely recognized determination strategies

Library Information Studies (course)-Describing and Analysing Assignment

Library Information Studies (course)-Describing and Analysing Information Resources(Unit)-Dublin Core Metadata - Assignment Example Dublin core metadata is useful in many in various institutions such as libraries, government institutions, scientific research centers, web page, authors, business requiring more searchable sites and corporations with vast knowledge management systems. Meta data serves the same functions in resource discovery as cataloging done by resource to be found by relevant criteria. Identifying resources and resources together and also helps in distinguishing dissimilar resources and giving local information about a book, web page or an album. The following are some of the core importance of Metadata. This is according to the book (Understanding Metadata pages1-2) that has carefully been examined.ORGANISING ELECTRONIC RESOURCE; a number of web-based resources grow exponentially, aggregate sites or portals are increasingly useful in organizing links to resources based on audience or topic. This is an important aspect for mp3 albums’ such as the one we are looking at in this paper is there anybody out there also WebPages and e ­-libraries where one can read a book like The Thief. (Andrew, 2012) defined metadata schemes, shared protocol, and crow walks between schemes, resource across the network can be searched more seamlessly. Elements such as identifier are important in a metadata schema for interoperability and that is why it is present in books. DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION; most Meta data schemes include elements such as standards numbers to uniquely identify the work or object to which the metadata refers. The location of a digital object may also be given using a file name, URL (Uniform Resource Locator), or some more persistent identifier such as PURL (Persistent URL) or DOI digital object identifier. Persistent URL identifiers are preferred because object location often change, making the standard URLS (therefore the metadata record). Here elements such as the copyright, help in digital

Team Building Exercise And Purpose Management Essay

Team Building Exercise And Purpose Management Essay Team building is a wide range of activities that are presented to business, sports, schools, religions or even NPOs to ensure improvements performance in teams. Team building is usually done through several activities and practices, which can range from simple bonding exercise to complicated simulations along with multi-day team building retreats that are designed with the aim of developing a particular team, usually falling somewhere in between. This practice in most cases sits within theories along with practices of organizational development. However, it can also be applied in to sports teams, groups in schools, as well as other contexts. Team building practices need not to be confused with what is referred to as team recreation, which consists of activities for teams that are mainly recreational. In most cases, team building is considered as a very important factor in any environment (DeSimone Et al. 2002). Its concentration is to specialize in bringing out the best from a certain team, as to ensure self development, positive communication practices, leadership skills as well as the capability of working closely together as a team to problem solving. Different literatures have stated that, work environment in most cases concentrates on individual and personal objectives, with regard and recognition singling out the achievements that individual employees have attained. How to create effective teams is a challenge in every organization. In other words, team building also means the processes that are used in the selection and of teams from scratch. Team Building Exercise and Purpose The exercises involved in team building consists of a variety of tasks that are designed with the aim of developing group members as well as their capability of working together effectively and efficiently. There exist several types of team building activities that range from kid games to games involving novel complex tasks; however, they are designed for specific needs (Field Ford, 1995). There also exist complex team building activities that are composed of multiple exercises like rope courses, corporate drumming, as well as exercises that might last for several days. The main objective of team building exercises is for helping teams to become human units that are much cohesive for them to work together effectively to complete tasks. Types of Team Building Exercises The first type is communication exercise. This type of exercise is just as it sounds. Communication exercises involve problem solving practices that are geared towards upgrading communication skills. Most of the issues encountered in such practices are in most cases solved through effective communication among the members (Foley, 2000). The main objective of this activity is to come up with an activity that addresses the significance of good communication in team performance and /or potential problems with communication. Another type of team building activity includes problem solving, also known as decision making exercise. This exercise concentrates specifically on groups that are working together to deal with difficult, or come up with complex solutions. Such like exercises are the most common exercises as they appear to be having the most direct link, to what most of the employers are looking for to be incorporated in their working force (Noe, 2005). The main goal of this exercise is to provide the participants with a problem whose solution is not easily apparent, or it might require the team to with solutions that are much creative. The next exercise is planning also called adaptability exercise. These exercises concentrates on concepts that deal with planning as well as being able to adapt to different environmental climates, that are changing every now and then, due to political instability din the country. These are important things for teams to be able to do when they are assigned complex tasks. Or even complex circumstances. The main object of this type of exercise is to show the significance of planning before implementing any solution or recommendation. The last but not least type of team building exercise is trust exercise. This exercise on the other hand involves engagement of team members in a manner that induces trust between them. Some time, the practices are difficult to engage in, or even implement. This is based on the fact that there are varying levels of trust that exist between individuals, as well as varying degrees of personal comforts trusting others generally (Rigg Et al. 2007). The main goal of such like exercises of is the creation of trust between team members. Tips for Team Building It is true that, individuals at work place keep on talking about team building, working together as a team, however, it is only a few of them that really understands the creation as well as the experience gained from team work, or even how to come up and develop one that is much effective. Belonging to a team, looking at it in the broadest point of view, should be the essence of feeling being part and parcel of something that is much larger than oneself (Achua Lussier, 2007). It has a lot of things to do with somebodys understanding of the mission, vision and objectives of that particular group that one belongs in. Fit need to be noticed that, team oriented environment, every individual who happens to be a member, needs to contribute to the overall success of that particular group. But how many individuals do that, or how many groups allow that? If though individuals might be having specific job functions and belongs to specific departments, done needs to know that is unified with other team members for the accomplishment of the overall goal of the organization or group. The larger picture need to be the one that drives actions in an organization as someones function exists to serve the larger picture. In group building, it is much essential to differentiate between the overall sense of teamwork from the task of coming up with an effective and intact team, that is build to attain certain goals or objectives. As effect, on the ground, individuals tent to confused two team building objectives. As a result, this is the reasons as to why so many team building seminars, meetings, retreats as well as activities are deemed to be failures in the society by those who usually participate in them. It is true that leaders of such group activities fail to define the team that they desired to build (Larry, 1991). The process of developing an overall sense of team work is far much different from the process of building an effective, focused work team, when considering team building approaches. Different Cs for Team building Executives, managers as well as the organization staff members, have to universally engage in the process of exploring different ways of improving business results along with profitability. Many individuals look at team-based, horizontal organization structures as being the best design for involving all the employees in the creation of business successes. But the fact is, no matter the name given to ones team-based improvement effort; continuous improvement, total quality, lean manufacturing or even self directed work teams, every body need to strive at improving the results for the benefit of customers of ones organization (Heathfield, 2010). It is true but disappointing to note that, only few organizations are however totally pleased with the results of their team improvement efforts produce. It should be noted that, if ones team improvement efforts are not living to ones expectations, this self diagnosing list of check, may tell the reasons as to why. Some successful team building, that ends up creating effective, focused work teams, in most cases need attention to each one of the following: Clear expectations; the executive leadership needs to clearly communicate its expectations for the performance of the team, along with the expected outcomes. Team members on the other hand need to understand the reason as ton why the group was formed. In addition, the organization needs to demonstrate constancy of purpose in providing support to the team with resources of time, individuals, as well as finances. The work that is performed by the team, need to receive sufficient emphasis as a major priority in terms of time, attention, discussions well as interest directed its way by the executive leaders. Context; team members should have an understanding as to why they are taking part in the team, in such a way, they will have an understanding effects of team strategy in helping the organization in attaining it communicated business objectives and goals. As an effect, the team members ought to define their teams significance to the attainment of the corporate goals and objectives. To attain this, the team members need to understand where its work fits in the total context of different goals, principles, vision as well as values of the organization. Commitment; there is need for the members of the team to take part in the teams activities fully, as this will make team members to be more committed to the attainment of the mission and outcome expectations of the team. In so doing, the team members will perceive their services pas much valuable to the organization as well as their own careers. This in one way or the other will make the make the team members to anticipate for the recognition for their contributions (Heathfield, 2011). It should be noted by team members that, their participation will enhance the growth of their skills and experience on the team. After this realization, team members will then be excited and challenged by the team opportunity. Competence is another C; it will be good if the team feels that it has the appropriate individuals taking part in it, for instance, in the process improvement, each step of the operation need to represent in the team. The team should feel that, its members should have the necessary knowledge, skills and capabilities to address the issues for which the team was formed to address. In case this is not there, the team ought to have an access to the help it requires. The team should feel that, it has been given the necessary, strategies and support that it requires fin order to accomplish the assigned responsibility. Charter; fit is the responsibility of the team to take the assigned area of responsibility and design its own mission, vision as well as the strategies that will be much helpful in the attainment of the overall mission and objective. It is always good for the team to define and co9mmunicate its objectives, its anticipated results as well as its report contribution, its timelines, and the procedure it will employ in measuring its results of its work as well as the processes along with operations followed by the team to accomplish its tasks. The leadership team or any other group charged with the responsibility of coordinating group activities should at all times support all what the team has designed. Control; the team at all times need to be given the necessary freedom and as well as the empowerment so that it can feel the ownership that is much necessary for it to accomplish its charter. At the same juncture, the team members should clearly understand their limits or boundaries. This will in one way or the other determine the extent at which the team can go in pursuit of solutions, determine its limitations like in terms of time and monitory resources, that was defined at the initial stages of the project, before the team experiences barriers as well as the rework. The teams reporting relationship as well as accountability should be understood by all members of the organization. This is because; the organization defined the teams authority, to make recommendation, as well complimenting its plan. It holds more water if all there will be a defined process of reviewing both the organization and the team consistently and aligned to the purpose and in direction. Every team member sho uld hold each other accountable for project timelines, commitments and results. As an effect, the organization should have plans for increasing the opportunities for self management among organization members. Collaboration; the team should be in a position of understanding the team as well as the group process. Members need to be in a position of understanding group stages involved in group development. This will enable them to work interpersonally together effectively. All team members are acquainted with the duties and responsibilities [charged to each team member as well as to the group as a whole. They should know the responsibilities of team leaders as well as the team recorders to avoid confusion and mixing of responsibilities. The team ought to be in a position of solving problems, process improvement, and project measurement techniques. This will encourage cooperation among group members to accomplish the group charter. The team should establish team norms and rules of conduct that will be used for governing like conflict resolution, consensus decision making along with meeting management. This will enable the team to use appropriate strategy to accomplish its action plan. Communication; the team members should always be clear about the priority of their tasks. This will enable the team to establish proper methods that will be used during feedback giving, as well as receiving honest performance feedback. The organization on its part needs to provide important business data regularly, enabling the team to understand the complete context of its existence. The team members should also be in a position of communicating clearly and honestly with each other. This in one way or the other help members top provide diversified opinions to the table for discussions and conclusions, which will end up addressing necessary conflicts. Creative Innovations; the organization should in one way or the other show that it really want change. This will enable the team to realize that the company needs creative thinking, solutions that are unique and also new ideas. The organization as a result rewards individuals who reasonably risks coming up with improvements, other than victimizing them. It should reward these who fit in and maintain the status quo. Never the less, it should provide training education, as well as providing access to learning materials like books and films, along with field trips that will stimulate new thinking. Consequences; all team members need to feel responsible and accountable for team achievements. To enhance this attitude, rewards should be awarded whenever the team becomes successful], in addition, this will also be achieved if reasonable risks are respected and encouraged in the organization. Though the reward supply ought to be encouraged by the organization, the rewarding system ought to be in a position of recognizing both team as well as individual performances. Do team members fear reprisal? the team members need not to waste their time pointing fingers at each other instead of resolving problems. It will be encourage if the organization will be willing to share gains and the increased profitability wit team along with individual contributors, as for the contributors to be motivated, they ought to see their impact don the increased organization success. Coordination; though there are different systems of coordination in teamwork, but there need to be a central leadership team that will be assisting the group to get what they require for their success. This central body will ensure priorities and resource allocation have been planned across all departments. In support of this, teams ought to understand the aspect of internal customer serving- as the next process, anybody to whom they provide products or even services. To accelerates this, cross-functional along with multi-departmental groups need to work need to work together as one, in developing customer focused, process-focused orientation , as the move away from traditional departmental thinking. Cultural change is the last but not least C involved in team building. The organizations or even societies need to recognize that the team-focused, empowering, enabling organizational culture of the future is different than the traditional, hierarchical organization it may currently be. The organization need to be having plans on how to recruit its employees, along with how to reward, plan development, how it carries out motivation practices, and how it manages individuals they employ. It is good for the organization to determine if will be using failures for learning as well as supporting reasonable risks (Van Dijk Phoads, 2007). The organization should also look forward on how to change its climate towards supporting teams, as this will increase the payback from them. When more time is spend in looking at such tips to ensure effective and efficient teams contribution to business successes. Conclusion A team that is well managed forms the cornerstone of success in any organization. The success of a team appears if and only if team members are in good terms, able to accomplish something tangible, by working together as a group other than working as individuals. It should be taken that, the success and the progress of a team, is the responsibility that is charged to every team member, regardless of the hierarchy. Being in a group, has nothing to do with the dissolution of somebodys individualism, though helps in build in g the identity by addressing somebodys strength as well as potentialities. The basis of team building is based on effective communication. however, the co-existence can be achieved by having by engaging in team building practices, which are fun-filled with the aim of attaining goals by making work far much enjoyable as well as gratifying , though there has to be consistency, to ensure that individuals are not taking it as time and effort wastage (Cardy Et al. 2009). The aim of team building in most cases is to encourage members with expertise in certain areas contribute to the objectives of teams. Lack of harmony in a team makes individual opinions and ideas, which might lead to conflicts. In addition, the absence of co-ordination between diversified personalities is one of the biggest factors that might lead to failure at work place. For the effective team management, certain pointers ought to be in place, for instance, responsibility division between members and be much clear about roles; this effectively avoids confusion (Andrejev, 2006). The process of decision making should also not be left top management alone; the entire team should whenever possible. This in one was or the other ensures, better productivity, absence of trust and belonging among members. Team building helps in boosting self-confidence as well as moral of the involved individuals. The show of appreciation as well as giving timely feedback, also motivate employees. It is good to notice that, teams are never static; they grow and change with time. Effective team management recognizes each members strong qualities and mobilizes them to work together.

An Analysis Of heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

An Analysis of "Heart of Darkness" Joseph Conrad, in his long-short story, "Heart of Darkness," tells the tale of two mens' realization of the hidden, dark, evil side of themselves. Marlow, the "second" narrator of the framed narrative, embarked upon a spiritual adventure on which he witnessed firsthand the wicked potential in everyone. On his journey into the dark, forbidden Congo, the "heart of darkness," so to speak, Marlow encountered Kurtz, a "remarkable man" and "universal genius," who had made himself a god in the eyes of the natives over whom he had an imperceptible power. These two men were, in a sense, images of each other: Marlow was what Kurtz may have been, and Kurtz was what Marlow may have become. Like a jewel, "Heart of Darkness" has many facets. From one view it is an exposure of Belgian methods in the Congo, which at least for a good part of the way sticks closely to Conrad's own experience. Typically, however, the adventure is related to a larger view of human affairs. Marlow told the story one evening on a yacht in the Thames estuary as darkness fell, reminding his audience that exploitation of one group by another was not new in history. They were anchored in the river, where ships went out to darkest Africa. Yet, as lately as Roman times, London's own river led, like the Congo, into a barbarous hinterland where the Romans went to make their profits. Soon darkness fell over London, while the ships that bore "civilization" to remote parts appeared out of the dark, carrying darkness with them, different only in kind to the darkness they encounter. These thoughts and feelings were merely part of the tale, for Conrad had a more personal story to tell, about a single man who went so far from civilization that its restraints no longer mattered to him. Exposed to the unfamiliar emotional and physical demands of the African wilderness, free to do exactly as he chose, Kurtz plunged into horrible orgies of which human sacrifice and cannibalism seemed to have formed a part. These excesses taught him and Marlow what human nature was actually like: "The horror!" Kurtz gasped before he died. Marlow's own journey from Belgium to the Congo and thence up the river then took on the aspect of a man's journey into his own inner depths. Marlow was saved from the other man's fate not by higher principles or a better disposition, but merely because he happened to be very busy, and the demands of work were themselves a discipline. The readers perceive, too, that other white

Prehistory of Bangladesh

University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh GED 100: Bangladesh Studies Afsana Anjum Lecturer Room: 602 The course is concerned with the political, cultural, social and economic history of Bengal that dates back to 320 B. C. with the line drawing towards the present. Daily lifestyle, society, religion, culture, wealth of Bengal in other words how this nation gradually evolved into today’s Bangladesh is the main structure of this subject.With that, land formation, agriculture system, industry, trade and commerce, religious activities, language and literature, sculpture, art architecture- in one word all sort of activities of the people of Bengal that evolved from thousand years ago is the theme of this subject. We are trying here to find the root and trail to our present standing point in world civilization. Grading: 100 Points Unit 1: Environmental Background: weather and climate, land formation, river system, flora and fauna, mineral resources, demography, culture and religionUnit 2: Prehistory of Bangladesh Unit 3: Early historic Era (500 BC- 320 AD): Mshasthangarh and Wari-Bateshswar Unit 4: Late Historic Era-1 (320 – 550 AD): Gupta Era Unit 5: Late Historic Era-2 (525 – 750 AD): Sasanka, Gopachandra, Dharmaditya, Samachardeva, Khadga, Rata, Deva Unit 6:Early Medieval Era (750 – 1230 AD): Pala, Chandra, Sena, Varman Unit 7:Medieval Period (1204 – 1650): Sulatanate and Mughal Unit 8:Coming of Europeans and East India CompanyUnit 9:Liberation Movements: Beginning of Communalism, Birth of East Pakistan (1947), Language Movement (1948 – 52), Juktafront Electiuons (1954) , Six Point movement (1966), Mass movement of 1969 and Election in 1970, Liberation War (1971) Unit10: Political history of Bangladesh from Independence Unit 11: Bangladesh: achievements and challenges Unit 12: Review: what we've learned. References Books Banglapedia, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Bangladesher Etihas, 2006, Dr. Rahim, Dr.Chowdhury, Dr. Mahmud a nd Dr. Islam (Nouroj) History of Bengal- Vol 1 & 2 (Dhaka University) History of Bangladesh- Vol1, 2 & 3 (Asiatic  Society of Bangladesh) A History of Bangladesh- Williem Van Schendel History of Bengali speaking people- Nitish Sen Gupta Geography of Bangladesh, 1991, Haroun Er Rashid, UPL Bangladesh on the threshold of twenty first Century- Edited by Fakrul Alam & A. M. Chowdhury (Asiatic Society of Bangladesh) Bengali Literature, V C Ghosh, Oxford University PressEconomic Geography of Bangladesh- Dr. Harun ur Rashid Online Wikipedia: www. wikipedia. com http://bpedia. org/ http://www. banglapedia. org/httpdocs/bangla/index. htm http://countrystudies. us/bangladesh/ Internet History Sourcebooks Project: http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/ Project Gutenberg: http://www. Gutenberg. org/wiki/Main_Page http://www. historyguide. org/ancient/lecture18b. html http://www. hyperhistory. com/online_n2/History_n2/a. html

399 Accounting Theory Essay

399 Accounting Theory Essay 399 Accounting Theory Essay Under the unprepared external environment change atmosphere, Enron did not ready for facing the challenges but switch the leader in an inappropriate timing. The challenges have been occasioned by shifts in the market structures from being a government regulated public utility, to a deregulated free market, and the current free market structure (Dillard, 2011).According to the case of â€Å"collapse of Enron† three ethical issues could be concluded as deregulation, integrity of leader and dishonesty aggressive culture. Ethical issues The key ethical issues that led to the downfall of Enron Company are: * The first ethical issue leading at Enron Company is deregulation. The board of director and manager they did not access their duties. Management did not effectively control the financial risks. During the auditing or financing procedure, the internal control did not work well to complete the auditing and financial reports effectively. Skilling’s dictatorial management plus ignoring the laws and regulations leading the whole organization to the end of cliff edge. So many people involved in this financial scandal including the CFO Andrew Fastow being charged guilty to various criminal offences. The internal control mechanisms did not work at all. The audit reports did not reflect the real audit level. The accounting issue is Skilling circumvented internal controls by manipulating accounting and auditing statistic numbers which create bubbles. For example, Skilling controls over almost all facts of organization, particularly regarding its accounting procedures. Earnings management was accomplished largely using special purpose entities, accounting â€Å"reserves for contingencies â€Å"and mark-to-market accounting ,which recorded profits from long-term deals immediately and ,therefore, emphasized short-term results. The â€Å"cowboy capitalism† put pressure on the traders for short-term output. * The second ethical issue lacking at Enron Company is there is integrity of the leaders. There was a conflict interest which encourage by Skilling. When the external auditor does their audit procedures receive the extra extensive consulting fee. The relationship between director and auditor is extremely close personally that leading the invalid auditing process. Because of Skilling and the business unit leaders keep change the financial and audit record in a shady way, there is no chance for the firm to find out the poten tial risk earlier.. Skilling always change financial records to impress the analysts. (free ,2007) Compare to Kinder’s realistic leadership style, Skilling encourage blind loyalty to achieve the targets. Not only Skilling himself, but also unit leaders and employees learn to manipulate the system. Another critical trait of skilling’s leadership style was the importance of reward and status .the purpose of compensation plan is to enrich the executives, not to enhance profits or increase share holder value. Skilling’s leadership style had emerged over a number of years. â€Å"Skilling impressed lay when he proposed forming a â€Å"Gas Bank†, which took advantage of the fact that the short-term demand and supply for gas was chronically out of balance† (free,2007) * The third ethical issue affecting Enron Company is Dishonesty organization culture which Lack of transparence. This is the fundamental failure of morality.. Dishonesty organization culture affects many working areas. Under the ambition of Skilling and his Skilling style leadership, the whole atmosphere of the organization is too aggressive to control. Enron’s ‘rank-and-yank ‘machinations created â€Å"an environment where employees were afraid to express their opinions or to question unethical and potentially illegal business practices†. Enron has an obligation to follow company policies, to ensure accurate financial reporting, and to protect workers’ safety. Employees were encouraged to be ruthless in achieving their targets in disregard for the rules of their professions. The

Hoop Dreams essays

Hoop Dreams essays The way out of the Ghettos Hoop Dreams The Movie Hoop Dreams Deals with the lives of two boys who are trying to acquire the American Dream through their skills in basketball. This documentary depicts the struggle of these African American children born into ghettos during the late twentieth century with their only venue out of the ghetto through their ability in basketball. The documentary also shows the racially and economically motivated treatment by a predominantly white school to these above average basketball players. This racially and economically based action, on part of the school, seems to be exemplified by the documentary style. One of the ways that this is achieved is through the comparisons of the two children. There are many juxtaposing incidents in the two boys lives, which creates great comparisons between the two boys lives. One of the main incidents is the scholarship money given to both William Gates as well as Arthur Agee. There is a full scholarship given to William Gates while Arthur Agee is only given half. The full money goes to the better player rather than that of the worse, which makes sense but the interesting thing is that at the end of the movie one can see that the money went towards the player who had less interest in basketball than the other did. Coming from a low-income household William Gates is not able to pay the full amount of money to attend the high school. In the documentary William Gates receives the full tuition grant by the Britannica Corporation, which was motivated by the private school. It shows that he had, at a younger age, more athletic ability than Arthur did. It also shows that the white school is only interested in the athletic ability of the African American Students. They did this while not taking into the account Arthur, as a person. This Documentary also portrays to the audience that William is the person to ...

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Chinese Nationalist Party Essay Example for Free

Chinese Nationalist Party Essay On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong, leader of the Chinese Communist Party declared victory over the Nationalist Party (Guomindang) and brought an end to four brutally long years of Civil War. The Communist victory in the Civil War has however, created significant debate among historians, namely: was a Communist victory inevitable and if so is it more sensible to see the Chinese Civil War as a Communist victory or as a Nationalist defeat?When researching these questions it becomes blatantly obvious that the Guomindang government led by Chiang Kai-Shek was riddled with problems and they are very much the cause of their own downfall. Widespread government corruption, spiraling inflation, loss of public confidence and intractable poverty are just a few of the failings the Guomindang afflicted upon the Chinese people. These monumental failings make a Communist victory seem almost inevitable, in that they just happened to be there to assume power as the Nationalists lost support and drowned in their own mistakes. In this sense it is more sensible to view the Civil War as a Nationalist defeat, rather than a Communist victory. On the other hand, the Communists were able to turn dismal rural poverty and the Japanese invasion into assets, using them to convince villagers that radical change was imperative and that the Communist Party was best qualified to bring about this change. Seen in this light, superior strategy and organisational methods allowed the Communists to achieve victory and not just move into a vacuum as suggested by Barnett (Barnett, 1965: 1). There is certainly an element of inevitability with regard to the Communist victory, however, in this essay I will argue that not only was the outcome of the Chinese Civil War not preordained, but I will also critically evaluate the reasons the Guomindang lost the Civil War and explain that given their policy mistakes, the Civil War should be seen as a Nationalist defeat rather than a Communist victory. If the Nationalists had been willing to adapt and had they initiated some changes in their strategies, the Communist Party, no matter what its internal organisation or external strategies, would not have been able to bring revolution to China. This theory is not supported by Kubek, who argues that the cause of the  Nationalist defeat was due to a lack of aid from the United States, declaring sovietisation of China and Manchuria could be the only logical outcome of post-war United States policy in China (Kubek, 1965: 62). This view point is unduly simplistic and overvalues Americas role in China, an opinion supported by Chang, who believes the Guomindang governments failure was due not so much to lack of American support, but to its inherent defects (Chang, 1965: 40). Before analysing these inherent defects and the reasons that the Nationalist Party lost the Civil War, it is important to understand the fundamentals of the situation in China at the end of World War Two; specifically the consequences of the eight year war with Japan that totally exhausted the Guomindang militarily, economically and spiritually. Hsu argues that the war with Japan is the single most important cause for the downfall of the Nationalists and had there been no Japanese war, the situation in China would have been very different (Hsu, 1990: 734). Many of the Guomindangs problems such as factionalism, corruption and leadership were prevalent prior to the Sino-Japanese War; however it was during the last phases of the Sino-Japanese War that these problems reached crisis proportions and in hindsight it seems impossible that the Guomindang could have overcome these problems to defeat the Communists (Service, 1965: 29). Chang also believes that the Guomindang faced insurmountable problems prior to the Civil War, stating that the government of Chiang Kai-Shek was built on quicksand and clay. How can it stand? Is it any wonder that it fell like a house of cards when it had to face the Communist crisis? (Chang, C. 1965: 41). Westad, (2003: 7) however argues that in spite of the Guomindangs weaknesses, the outcome of the post-war conflict with the Communists was no way predetermined in 1945. At the end of the Sino-Japanese War the Guomindang held significant advantages over the Communists, with its widely recognised legitimate government controlling China, giving it the power to tax and conscript. On the other hand, the Communists could not match the Guomindangs troops in terms of training and equipment and could be  outgunned and outmanoeuvred in all major regions of the country (Westad, 2003: 8). Furthermore, the Communist party was hardly represented in the cities at all, which of course was the power base of the Guomindang. However, the Communists also had successes resulting from the war with Japan including increasing their area of control and practiced evolving their strategies of protracted guerrilla warfare against the Japanese which in turn generated public support. Despite this the partys main forces were still located in North-west China and they were not in such a powerful position that a civil war with the Guomindang would be a mere formality in securing control of the country. The Civil War is therefore simply not a case of the imminent decline of the Guomindang and the Communists irresistible rise. Rather the Sino-Japanese War provided the framework for the decisions and strategies that would ultimately lead to Nationalist defeat. The war with Japan left the Guomindang decimated and they did need to undergo reform in order to survive; however the factionalism and corruption within the Guomindang resulted in increasingly repressive controls being implemented upon the war weary Chinese people. At a time when new strategies were needed, the government instead continued its repressive controls and when war again broke out, the government lost even more support and collapsed with cataclysmic speed. This was due in no small part to the leadership of the Guomindang, whose perpetuation of their own power dominated over all other considerations (Service, 1965: 28). The arrogance and mismanagement of the Guomindang alienated the Chinese people and caused a loss of public confidence and respect. This loss of respect not only resulted in the Nationalists losing influence in their own power bases, but made it easier for the Communists to exploit this public disharmony and encourage the Chinese people to think that a change in administration would bring about a change in their fortunes. An example of the Guomindangs poor leadership strategies can be seen in their occupation of former Japanese colonies (Service, 1965: 29). The Chinese citizens within these Japanese occupied territories had waited eight  years for the return of Nationalist rule, but instead of being treated as victims of war, they were exploited. The Guomindang leaders did not return their land but acquired it as their own property; moreover, they virtually eliminated the monetary assets of these people. This was caused by the currency in the occupied territories going through extreme inflation as the government only offered the exorbitant exchange rate of two hundred to one; when a more reasonable rate would have been half that much (Phillips, 1996: 158). Furthermore, the puppet leaders that had been installed by the Japanese often kept their positions or became members of the Guomindang. Poor policy decisions such as this would lead to the downfall of the Guomindang, as it is impossible to fight a n effective war without the support of the people and the economic policies of the government alienated millions of suffering people. The Guomindangs economic problems were not limited to the territories formerly occupied by the Japanese. All over China inflation was an exceptionally large problem, for as the increases seen during the Japanese War were allowed to spiral out of control during the Civil War. Service, (1965: 29) argues that this is a direct result of corruption within the Guomindang, and that they refused to take any effective steps to check inflation or implement agricultural reforms for fear of losing the support of the landlord class in China. In view of this, the Guomindang developed urban industry at the expense of agricultural and financed this by simply printing more bank notes. Their economic mismanagement was disastrous for the majority of the Chinese people and meant that by 1948 government expenditure had become thirty times larger when compared to its pre-war level; the budget deficit had also blown out to thirty times it pre-war level and inflation was increasing at the rate of thirty per cent a month (Chang, K. 1965: 23). The Nationalist government faced imminent financial doom and the Chinese people were becoming aware of the selfish nature of their government whose economic policies and financial mismanagement destroyed the livelihood of hundreds of millions of Chinese. The failings of the Guomindang would provide the Communist party with ample opportunities to exploit the discontent of the Chinese people. This was one of the reasons for the Communist victory in that they were able to gain the support of people from the rural areas who the Guomindang had alienated. An example of this can be seen in the rural land reforms implemented in newly gained territories. In these areas the Communists promoted production and ensured supplies by creating a self-sufficient economy. To rouse the productive enthusiasm of the peasants, they launched a campaign to reduce rent and interest. Peasant associations and other organisations were urged to demand and enforce a 25 percent rent reduction, with a rent ceiling set at 37.5 percent of the crops. The interest rate on loans was limited to 1.5 percent a month, or 18 percent a year, much lower that the excessive rate formerly charged by the landlords (Westad, 2003: 11 and Fielding, 1999: 134). They were able to achieve these reforms without confiscating large amounts of land, as considerable redistribution of land to the peasants was accomplished by impo sing graduated taxes in such a way that larger landholders voluntarily sold land because it was no longer profitable. It is arguable that the Communists had no intention of eliminating the economic power of the landlords, but instead they showed the peasants that they could exercise their power locally and play an active role in the war against a government that some had come to despise. The Communists gave the peasants what they wanted: an army of friendly troops who not only did not steal their crops but helped them bring in the harvest and who implemented popular but gradual economic reforms (Ebrey, 1996: 289). This is in stark contrast to the Guomindang who did not understand the peasants and showed no interest in aiding them. They failed to see the revolutionary potential of the peasant masses and unlike the Communist Party never attempted to organise them. This situation was best summarised by Hsu: the stone that one builder had rejected became the cornerstone of the others house (Hsu, 1990: 738). However, many of the most important cause of the Nationalist defeat during the Civil War were military ones. Despite emerging from the Japanese War better equipped and trained, the Nationalist Army was a tired force (Hsu, 1990: 734). This war-weariness was felt throughout China and there was  widespread recognition that full scale civil war would be a tragedy for the country. It is therefore, not surprising that the Guomindangs persistence in military aggression towards the Communists, who were Chinese after all, failed to arouse the same patriotic loyalty as when the enemies were Japanese (Stuart, 1965: 19). Given this situation the Nationalist Army needed good leadership and to gain the support of the people; they were unsuccessful on both counts. This was largely due to the leadership system created by Chiang Kai-Shek that was a congerie of conservative political cliques concerned primarily with maintaining their own power (Service, 1965: 30). Furthermore, the highest military posts were reserved for those who like Chiang Kai-Shek had graduated from the Whampoa military academy and this often meant that more talented officers were turned away. General Barr of the United States said of the Guomindang leadership in 1949 that, their military debacles in my opinion can all be attributed to the worlds worst leadership and many other morale destroying factors that lead to a complete loss of will to fight (Barr, 1949: x quoted in Bianco, 1971: 180). In fact, many battles were lost by the Nationalists without a fight, as hundreds of thousands of troops simply defected or surrendered to the Communists (Barnett, 1965: 5). An example of this may be seen during the Huai-Huai Campaign, where poor military leadership caused the Nationalist troops to become surrounded and resulted in an irreparable loss of manpower without a fight (Phillips, 1996: 158). Rather than undertaking offensives to seek out and destroy the main mobile guerrilla units of the Communists, they holed up for the most part in isolated, vulnerable, defensive positions allowing the Communists to concentrate their forces and attack and overwhelm Nationalists positions one by one (Barnett, 1965: 5). This strategy played into the hands of the Communists whose primary goal was to reduce the numbers of the Nationalist army. They were not concerned with holding specific geographic areas and this allowed them to be a lot more flexible in their attacks. Moreover, the Communist troops were ordered to avoid large battles and to engage the enemy only when there was a high probability of victory. Mao Zedong argued that the only way guerrilla warfare could succeed  is if the army had the support of the people, and the Communists certainly had this (Mao Zedong, 1940: x cited in Bianco, 1971: 184). The Communists successfully achieved this through the use of propaganda. They portrayed themselves as defenders of the nation and the Guomindang as enemies of all levels of society, from peasant to scholar (Chang, C. 1965: 40). Chiang Kai-shek himself admitted that the Nationalists failure in propaganda was a major defect in our struggle against Communism (Kai-shek, 1965: 77). Despite this, the Nationalist army had many opportunities to seriously weaken the Communists. However, their leadership too often committed crucial tactical mistakes, which were the result of lack of communication and disputes within the party caused by the factionalism that riddled the Guomindang leadership (Westad, 2003: 11). Clique politics and factionalism would eventually lead to the situation where unified action to either solve the problems in Nationalist held territory or to fight against the Communists became virtually impossible (Barnett, 1965: 6). This is in stark contrast to the leadership of the Communist armies, whose generals were not concerned with personal gain, but instead co-operated with each other and gained the support of the Chinese people and worked towards a united goal (Westad, 2003: 9). These superior military tactics and aforementioned economic reforms brought the Communists wide spread support and ultimately victory. However, this victory would never have been achievable were it not for the military, economic and social failings of the Guomindang. Chiang Kai-Shek himself admitted major defects in organisation and technique in the Nationalists war against Communism, however he argued that these defects were remediable, so long as our strategy and policy were correct, I believe we still could have won (Kai-Shek, 1965: 82). It is in this light that the Chinese Civil War should be viewed not as a Communist victory, but as a Nationalist defeat. There is no doubt that the war against Japan was a crushing blow to the Nationalists economic and military power, however it was not fatal. The  Nationalist government could have continued to consolidate its power and authority by the sheer weight of its military strength and financial resources (Tsou, 1965: 28). Even though the Nationalist government was far from popular, it was the most powerful military and economic force in China and could have survived if it had been willing to regain the support of the people. Defeat to the Communists was therefore, far from inevitable, and the Nationalists were very much the engineers of their own demise. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barnett, A. (1965), Multiple factors, in Pichon Loh (ed.) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse? D.C. Heath Company, BostonBianco, Lucien. (1971), Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949 Stanford University Press, StanfordChang, Carsun. (1965), Chiang Kai-shek and Kuomintang dictatorship, in PichonLoh (ed.) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse? D.C. Heath Company, BostonChang, Kia-Ngua. (1965) War and Inflation in Pichon Loh (ed.) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse? D.C. Heath Company, BostonEbrey, Patricia. (1996), Cambridge Illustrated History: China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, EnglandFielding, Mark Morcombe, Margot. (1999), The Spirit of Change China in Revolution McGraw Hill Book Company, Roseville, NSWHsu, Immanuel C.Y. (1990), The Rise of Modern China Oxford University Press, New YorkKai-shek, Chiang 1965, Communist designs and Kuomintang blunders, inPichon Loh (ed.) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest o r Collapse?, D.C. Heath Company, BostonKubek, Anthony 1965, Communist subversion and American appeasement, inPichon Loh (ed.) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse?, D.C. Heath Company, BostonPhillips, Richard. (1996) China since 1911 St Martins Press, New York. Service, John S. 1965, The enthronement of reaction, in Pichon Loh (ed.)The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse?, D.C. Heath Company,BostonStuart, John L. (1965), Popular Discontent and Creeping Paralysis, in Pichon Loh (ed.)The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse?, D.C. Heath Company,BostonTsou, Tang 1965, Contradictions between program and practise, in PichonLoh (ed.) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse?, D.C. Heath Company, BostonWestad, Odd Arne 2003, Decisive Encounters: the Chinese Civil War 1946 -1950, Stanford University Press, California